Thursday, September 3, 2020

Nazi Germany Essays - Adolf Hitler, Weimar Republic, Nazi Propaganda

Nazi Germany After World War I, or The Great War as it was known in those days, Germany was left crushed both monetarily and, since German purposeful publicity had not readied the country for rout, inwardly, coming about it might be said of harmed German national pride. But since Germany was ?betrayed? by its leftwing lawmakers, Communists, and Jews, or then again more beautifully known as the ?November Criminals', it was still generally accepted that Germany had not genuinely been crushed. At the point when another government, the Weimar Republic, attempted to build up a majority rule course, extraordinary ideological groups from both the privilege and the left battled savagely for control. ?The new system could neither handle the discouraged economy nor the widespread rebellion and turmoil.? Among this disarray and quarreling, one gathering and one man appeared to stick out. The man was Adolf Hitler and the gathering was the German Workers' Party (DAP) later to be known as the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) or more generally known as the Nazi Party's. The German Workers' Party (DAP) was simply one more gathering embracing a conservative belief system, in the same way as other comparative gatherings of deactivated fighters. Anyway this straightforwardness of the gathering would have been the trait which would have pulled in Hitler the most. This permitted Hitler to empty his convictions into the gathering and form it into his picture. Not long after his joining of the gathering, Hitler renamed it to the National Communist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) yet and, after its all said and done it was just a posse of jobless fighters who's ?spirits had been squashed and who's weapons had rusted away.? Be that as it may, after Hitler's first open introduction, in a lager basement, things began to change definitely. With the cash from the first introduction used to purchase all the more promoting and print pamphlets, the Nazi Gathering was beginning to act and resemble a genuine gathering. Hitler's convictions of national pride, militarism, duty to the Volk and a racially ?unadulterated? Germany just as hostile to Semitism before long pulled in supporters by the hundred. Despite the fact that the German Workers' Party began as a little traditional association, with Hitler's going along with, it picked up help. The German Workers' Party currently included Hitler as the fundamental fascination at its gatherings. In his discourses Hitler railed against the Treaty of Versailles and conveyed hostile to Semitic outbursts, reprimanding the Jews for Germany's issues. As of right now the Nazi Party's beliefs appeared to pull in individuals who were a piece of the work segment in the public arena or laborers. These were the people who worked in mechanical establishment, for example, production lines. These individuals were regularly undermined by temperamental business and accordingly pay, however Hitler offered stable work and pay. The Nazi Party's approaches dependent on hostile to Semitism, Lebensraum (Livingspace), monetary and social reforms?including nationalization of the trusts likewise pulled in the laborers. Times were evolving, nonetheless, and Hitler was prepared to make the following stage in combination his capacity. Hitler's remarkable open talking abilities were used to accumulate supporters for the Nazi Party. The mid 1920s were a strained and stressed period where much occurred. The SA (Sturm-Abteilung or Stormtroopers) had been well set up and its numbers were expanding consistently. The insignia had been presented and was currently generally used to speak to the Nazi Party. The Nazi Party, presently famous similar to the direct inverse of the Communist Gathering, picked up the help of numerous frightful white collar class Germans who knew about the ever conceivable danger of a Communist upset. As hyperinflation set in Germany, ?pockets of individuals were vacant yet individuals remained by their administration, respecting its resistance of the French.? Be that as it may, in September of 1923, the German government settled on a game changing choice to continue making installments. Severe hatred and agitation expand among the individuals, impelling radical political gatherings to activity and rapidly bringing Germany to the edge of turmoil. The Nazis and other comparative gatherings now felt all was good and well to strike. The German province of Bavaria where the Nazis were based was a hotbed of gatherings restricted to the vote based government in Berlin. At this point, November 1923, the Nazis, with 55,000 supporters, were the greatest and best sorted out. With Nazi individuals requesting activity, Hitler realized he needed to act or hazard losing the authority of his Party. This was the Munich, or Beer Hall, Putsch. During the 1920s the Nazi Party got certain enough to endeavor an upset. The Putsch was an express debacle and after his discharge from constrainment, Hitler pledged that he would take power genuinely and not forcibly. After the restriction on the gathering was brought up in 1925, Hitler looked to merged the help from the common laborers by expanding the hostile to Semitic publicity and further

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

The Fight Against Cyber Crime Free Essays

Running head: THE FIGHT AGAINST CYBER CRIME The Fight Against Cyber Crime: What Can We Do? Theoretical Cyber wrongdoing is on the ascent and each association must perceive the peril and find a way to help moderate the danger. While numerous establishments stress more over programmers than digital crooks, it is digital wrongdoing that can cause the most harm. A programmer is all the more handily distinguished while a digital criminal may as of now be in your system undetected. We will compose a custom article test on The Fight Against Cyber Crime or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now While a programmer may attempt to penetrate a system for the rush or to bother, a digital criminal will break a system for money related increase. This paper is planned to call attention to a portion of the dangers of digital wrongdoing and what a monetary establishment can never really moderate the danger of assault. Watchwords: digital wrongdoing, digital assault, Information Technology Information Sharing and Analysis Center, IT-ISAC, Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center, FS-ISAC The Fight Against Cyber Crime: What Can We Do? While numerous establishments stress more over programmers than digital lawbreakers, it is digital hoodlums that should make us progressively watchful. A programmer is all the more effortlessly distinguished while a digital criminal may as of now be in your system undetected. While a programmer may attempt to penetrate a system for the rush worth or to bother their casualty, a digital criminal will break a system for money related addition. This may incorporate â€Å"data procurement and capacity, secretive access to frameworks, personality assortment and robbery, confusion of correspondences, keystroke ID, character verification, and botnets, among others† (Deloitte, 2010). As indicated by a study led in August 2011 by Ponemon Institute, for the 50 partaking organizations (see graph 1), the normal time it takes an association to determine a digital assault is 18 days with a normal expense of $23,000 every day. An insider assault can average 45 days to contain. This does exclude the estimation of any information lost, altered, or taken all the while. This overview additionally demonstrated the normal annualized cost of digital wrongdoing to money related organizations was $14,700,000 for 2011, up from $12,370,000 the earlier year (see Chart 2). Diagram 3 sums up the kinds of assault techniques experienced by the organizations that took an interest in the study (Ponemon, 2011). As per security firm Imperva, â€Å"The normal huge business sees 27 assaults for each moment hitting its Website. Aggressors can utilize computerization innovations to create up to seven assaults for every second, or 25,000 assaults for every hour† (Rashid, 2011). To assemble an adequate IT security act, expect that an unapproved client can access the system, and afterward structure the system to best ensure the most significant information. The important information can then â€Å"be labeled and observed with the goal that the association knows where it is, the place it is going, where it has gone, and on whose authority† (Deloitte, 2010). The association additionally needs to comprehend that they have to not just screen what is coming into their system yet additionally what is leaving their system. This will help â€Å"detect exercises empowered by strategies and innovations that copy, adventure, or piggyback on the entrance of approved users† (Deloitte, 2010). Utilizing standard firewalls and hostile to infection programs alone won't achieve this. The association must adopt an increasingly proactive strategy to ensure its monetary information. Since we know what we have to do, how would we achieve this? Some essential advances incorporate representative screening, worker preparing to help moderate against social designing, incapacitating record access of fired workers, guaranteeing programming updates and fixes are appropriately actualized, and guaranteeing firewalls are appropriately arranged. Further developed advances incorporate, however are not restricted to, setting up a neutral ground to help hinder the system from outside access, introducing a honeynet framework to resemble a real piece of the system to tempt and trap interruption endeavors for additional investigation, introducing hard drive encryption and remote information wipe ability on all PCs and other cell phones, and requiring savvy card and pin number verification (or some other type of multifaceted validation) to get to delicate information. The Ponemon study uncovered organizations using security data and occasion the board (SIEM) arrangements, for example, these normal 24 percent less cost in managing digital wrongdoing assaults (see graph 5). This decrease in cost is on the grounds that organizations that utilization SIEM arrangements are better ready to recognize and contain, and thusly recoup, from such assaults (see diagram 6). Another significant advance for a money related organization to take is to turn into an individual from the FS-ISAC (Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center). The FS-ISAC was established in 1999 and drove the path for the IT-ISAC (Information Technology Information Sharing and Analysis Center) which was established in 2001. The motivation behind these gatherings is for associations to have the chance to share the security assaults and vulnerabilities they have encountered with different associations in their field of industry. Given the refinement, multifaceted nature, and development of digital wrongdoing innovations and strategies, no sizable association can plan and actualize the essential reaction alone. CIOs, CSOs, CROs, and digital security rofessionals should share data, methods, and innovations in their fight against digital wrongdoing. (Deloitte, 2010) The significance of FS-ISAC was demonstrated in 2000 when part organizations where spared from a significant forswearing of-administration assault that numerous different organizations experienced (Hurley, 2001). As appeared in outline 4, a refusal of-administration assault can be e xpensive. A later case of FS-ISAC at work is the August 23, 2011 report of the Help Net Security (International) Ramnit worm which utilizes Zeus Trojan strategies for banking extortion. As the FS-ISAC calls attention to, â€Å"When assaults happen, early admonition and master counsel can mean the distinction between business progression and broad business catastrophe† (FS-ISAC, 2011). Knowing and getting the opportunity to battle against these assaults can spare an organization millions. All in all, monetary foundations must remain watchful to current and new digital dangers. Table 1 through 3 gives a breakdown of digital dangers and controls that can help diminish the effect if these dangers become reality. It is significant for an association to take a crack at its individual ISAC and to partake in the exercises gained from past assaults. While it would be practically difficult to find out about and forestall each sort of assault, remaining watchful will help decrease the probability and the effect. References Deloitte Development LLC. (2010). Digital Crime: A Clear and Present Danger. Recovered December 23, 2011, from the World Wide Web: http://eclearning. excelsior. edu/webct/RelativeResourceManager/Template/pdf/M7_Deloitte_CyberCrime. pdf FS-ISAC. (2011). Current Banking and Finance Report, Retrieved 24 December, 2011, from the World Wide Web: http://www. fsisac. com/Hurley, E. (2001, January 29). IT-ISAC: A Matter of Trust. Recovered 24 December, 2011, from the World Wide Web: http://searchsecurity. techtarget. com/news/517824/IT-ISAC-A matter-of-trust Ponemon Institute LLC. (2011, August). Second Annual Cost of Cyber Crime Study. Recovered December 24, 2011, from the World Wide Web: http://www. arcsight. com/guarantee/whitepapers/2011_Cost_of_Cyber_Crime_Study_August. pdf Rashid, F. (2011, July 25). Digital Criminals Use Botnets, Automation to Launch Multiple Blended Attacks. Recovered December 24, 2011, from the World Wide Web: http://www. week. com/c/a/Security/CyberCriminals-Use-Botnets-Automation-to-Launch-Multiple-Blended-Attacks-656032/Chart 1. Test of Participating Companies by Industry (Ponemon, 2011) Average annualized cost by industry division ($1M) *Industry was not spoken to in the FY2010 benchmark test. Outline 2. Normal annualized cost by industry area (Ponemon, 2011) Types of Attack Methods Experienced Chart 3. Sorts of Attack Methods Experienced (Ponemon, 201 1) Normal annualized digital wrongdoing cost weighted by assault recurrence *The FY 2010 benchmark test didn't contain a DoS assault. Diagram 4. Normal annualized digital wrongdoing cost (Ponemon, 2011) Comparison of SIEM and non-SIEM sub-test of normal expense of digital wrongdoing Chart 5. Examination cost of SIEM and non-SIEM organizations (Ponemon, 2011) Chart 6 Percentage cost for recuperation, identification control (Ponemon, 2011) categoryFinancial Impact Regulatory ComplianceIndustry Reputation 4CriticalIncrease in costs more prominent than $1MFines in abundance of $1MSignificant, continued negative media introduction. Huge loss of business because of flaw on open picture. 3MajorIncrease in costs $100K to $1MFines somewhere in the range of $100K and $1MNegative media presentation. Loss of business because of imperfection on open picture. 2ModerateIncrease in costs under $100KFines under $100KSome negative media introduction. Slight loss of business because of flaw on open picture. 1MinorNo critical cost increment expectedNo fines expectedNo media introduction or loss of business anticipated. Table 1. Effect 4Imminent 3Highly Likely 2Possible 1Unlikely Table 2. Likelihood PxI (before controls/after controls) Money related Impact Regulatory Compliance Industry Reputation Controls Denial of service1x3=3/1ãâ€"2=21ãâ€"3=3/1ãâ€"1=11ãâ€"4=4/1ãâ€"2=2Implement switch channels, introduce patches to prepare for SYC flooding, cripple unused administrations Web-based attack2x3=6/2ãâ€"2=42ãâ€"3=6/2ãâ€"2=42ãâ€"4=8/2ãâ€"2=4Restrict site access to just what client needs, impair account sign in after 3 bombed sign in endeavors, require multifaceted verification to get to touchy information Malicious code2x4=8/2ãâ€"2=42ãâ€"4=8/2ãâ€"2=42ãâ€"4=8/2ãâ€"2=4Software updates and fixes, hostile to infection and against spam programming pdates, firewall arrangement, representative tra

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Swallows and Amazons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Swallows and Amazons - Essay Example The greater part of these works examine the delicate and dubious subjects, for example, drugs, adolescent pregnancy, political occasions and physical assault and relinquished youngsters. â€Å"An inescapable outcome of the way that children’s writing came in to being was that a specific limitation has been forced on children’s journalists in the pragmatist condition with regards to themes, for example, fear, governmental issues and sex† ( Hunt, 1990). Center of the nineteenth century is frequently respected the brilliant period of children’s writing in English. During this period the greater part of the children’s scholarly works offered accentuation to children’s satisfaction and creative mind. Youngster undertakings and wanderings were an unavoidable piece of kid life in the greater part of the European nations during eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years. In this paper the scientist makes a similar report about the utilization of aut henticity and awesome in three books. Swallows and Amazons is the principal book in a progression of children’s books composed by Arthur Ransom. In his novel Arthur Ransom shows the universe of experience by the Walker and Blacket youngsters. Breaking down the novel Swallows and Amazons a peruser can find that the creator portrays the most sensible unscrupulousness of adolescence and the contention between energetic creative mind and reality. Pundits notice that a peruser can see the broad highlights of both the characters and the occasions can be followed back to the occasions in the author’s life. The greater part of the spots referenced in the novel are where Ransom spent his adolescence. The author has prevailing with regards to making a feeling of the real world and realness in his work. Center piece of the novel author gives the picture of an obscure island and furthermore a progression of undertakings which represents the land investigations which occurred in fifteenth and sixteenth century. The kids arrive at an obscure island and they call it Wild Cat Island. Occasions of cruising, outdoors, angling,

Region 1

District 1 was first occupied by the native Negritoes before they were pushed by progressive influxes of Malay/Austronesian settlers that infiltrated the tight coast. Tingguians in the inside, Ilocanos in the north, and Pangasinense in the south settled the locale. From the information on the populace conveyance of Region 1, obviously not all the occupants are Ilocanos. Around 33% are non-Ilocanos but then there is a well known misguided judgment that all the occupants are Ilocanos.The utilization of the term Ilocos Region advances an inappropriate idea that all the inhabitants of Region 1 are Ilocanos. Before the organization of Ferdinand Marcos, Pangasinan was not a piece of the locale. The Spanish showed up in the sixteenth century and built up Christian missions and administrative establishments to control the local populace and convert them to the Roman Catholic Church. Present-day Vigan City in Ilocos Sur territory turned into the ministerial office seat of Nueva Segovia.Ilocan os in the northern parts were less effortlessly influenced, be that as it may, and stayed a zone loaded up with profound feelings of hatred against Spain. These feelings of hatred rose to the surface at different focuses in the Ilocos territories' history as insurgences, most remarkably that of Andres Malong and Palaris of Pangasinan, Diego Silang and his better half Gabriela Silang in 1764, and the Basi Revolt in the nineteenth century. Be that as it may, it was the Pangasinenses in the south who were the last to be remain against the Spaniards. In 1901, the area went under American frontier rule, and in 1941, under Japanese occupation.During 1945, the joined American and the Philippine Commonwealth troops incorporating with the Ilocano and Pangasinese guerillas freed the Ilocos Region from Japanese powers during the Second World War. A few present day leaders of the Republic of the Philippines hailed from the Region: Elpidio Quirino, Ferdinand Marcos, and Fidel V. Ramos. Prior to the arrangement of the Cordillera Administrative Region, Region 1 likewise incorporated the regions of Abra, Mountain Province, and Benguet. Before Region 1 was adjusted by Ferdinand Marcos, Pangasinan was not part of the district.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Free Essays on Child Sacrifice

Youngster penance was a piece of the Hebrew Bible. Regardless of whether you accept that the real demonstration of youngster penance happened, it is as yet a piece of the book of scriptures and part of what made religion. Specifically, in beginning 22 Abraham was told by God to forfeit his child Isaac. Despite the fact that the penance never happened, the asking and ability among God and Abraham assume a significant job in these religions. The three significant religions that we are contemplating: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all concur that this occasion happened. One thing that you should ask while talking about youngster penance is the manner by which somebody would eagerly slaughter their kid. One significant thought that you need to consider is the timespan. Youngster penance today is something that isn't excused upon. Despite the fact that numerous religions that individuals unequivocally accept have begun from kid penance. Abraham had confidence in a God. Abraham would do anything for â€Å"this† God that he had confidence in. We know this since he was going to forfeit his child, Isaac. Notwithstanding the blessed messenger that had halted Abraham, he would have submitted the penance. Thus you need to address Abraham and you need to address God. Was God essentially testing Abraham’s confidence with no expectation of hurting Isaac, or does God bolster kid penance? To answer this you need to know whether youngster penance happened and if God genuinely had confidence in it. This inquiry can't genuinely be replied, however individuals have various speculations. You additionally need to ask why Abraham is thought of as the dad of monotheism. Is this since he was eager to follow God’s order despite the fact that his order was in fact murder? So as to answer this you need to consider someone’s confidence to their religion and their solid conviction and confidence that what God is a pproaching them to do is for an explanation and God’s reason is right. Without the official of Isaac notwithstanding, the three principle religions couldn't have built up the way the... Free Essays on Child Sacrifice Free Essays on Child Sacrifice Youngster penance was a piece of the Hebrew Bible. Regardless of whether you accept that the real demonstration of kid penance happened, it is as yet a piece of the good book and part of what made religion. Specifically, in beginning 22 Abraham was told by God to forfeit his child Isaac. Despite the fact that the penance never happened, the asking and eagerness among God and Abraham assume a significant job in these religions. The three significant religions that we are considering: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all concur that this occasion happened. One thing that you should ask while talking about kid penance is the way somebody would enthusiastically execute their kid. One significant thought that you need to consider is the timeframe. Youngster penance today is something that isn't supported upon. Despite the fact that numerous religions that individuals unequivocally accept have begun from kid penance. Abraham had confidence in a God. Abraham would do anything for â€Å"this† God that he trusted in. We know this since he was going to forfeit his child, Isaac. Notwithstanding the holy messenger that had halted Abraham, he would have submitted the penance. Consequently you need to address Abraham and you need to address God. Was God basically testing Abraham’s confidence with no goal of hurting Isaac, or does God bolster kid penance? To answer this you need to know whether kid penance happened and if God genuinely had confidence in it. This inquiry can't genuinely be replied, however individuals have various hypotheses. You likewise need to ask why Abraham is thought of as the dad of monotheism. Is this since he was eager to follow God’s order despite the fact that his order was actually murder? So as to answer this you need to consider someone’s confidence to their religion and their solid conviction and confidence that what God is approaching them to do is for an explanation and God’s reason is right. Without the official of Isaac in any case, the three fundamental religions couldn't have built up the way the...

Friday, August 14, 2020

Welcome, Spring Semester!

Welcome, Spring Semester! I cannot believe that the spring semester has begun! It certainly doesn’t feel like spring yet over here, but at least I’m not outside all day. I have really enjoyed my classes so far, and I hope everyone else is, too! It is always refreshing to have a new schedule, with more exciting things to do and to look forward to. Its super weird to say this, but this is my final semester of undergrad. I really don’t know where the time has gone. I am trying to enjoy myself as much as I can while still working hard, and I wish everyone else a very happy and successful semester! Stay warm! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Sunday, June 21, 2020

Cauterization in Arabic culture - 550 Words

Cauterization in Arabic culture (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course title:Date:Cauterization in Arabic cultureCommonly referred to as Kaiy in Arabic culture, Cautery is one of the most traditional forms of therapy in Arabian culture and has been used for many centuries. Ancient Arabs believed in the therapeutic importance of fire as cautery. Although Prophet Muhammad ruled against cauterization because of the use of fire, its painful procedures and the unpredictability of its results, cauterization was still prone in the Arab world. One of the reasons why cautery was used in Arab culture and is still used today is that the Arabs/Muslims needed and still need a curative therapy (Ben-Arye, Frenkel, Klein and Scharf, 395). Today, cautery uses metal sticks or iron nails. By integrating other forms treatment in treating diseases such as ulceration, cauterization was also applied. Cauterization was used in the whole Saudi Arabian kingdom as a surgical technique. During those times, surgery was not well appreciated. C auterization was done by trained traditional doctors. Trained physicians who practiced contemporary surgery were condemned since it was prone to bad results compared to the traditional cauterization. Arabic physicians used cauterization as a form of surgery. This was done for both external and internal diseases. The Arabians believed in the formation of pus in wounds in order to induce healing (Gabriel, 208). Cauterization was not practiced by anybody. There were traditional trained physicians who were trained by other physicians. Though women were viewed as secondary figures in the Arabic culture, many of them were involved in traditional healing methods such as cauterization (Leppert, and Peipert, 11). One of the most famous healers was Avicenna. Cauterization was also used by psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients in Saudi Arabia. Most of those who practiced cauterization were ignorance of contemporary medicine and were probably coerced by their parents into practicing cauteriz ation.The practice of cauterization involves burning of a body part to either close off that part or remove it. This process is known as cautery. The process destroys some tissues and removes undesired growth or prevents further infections. Cauterization was and is still a substitute of antibiotics in Arabian culture. It was widely spread and recognized for treatment of wounds (Gabriel, 209). Just like in a traditional Arab culture, cauterization is still effective in the closing of amputations and stopping of severe blood loss as well as preventing of exsanguinations. Actual cautery uses a metal device where a metal is red heated and applied to form blisters and stop bleeding. The reason why cauterization, despite the invention of modern medicine, has still remained a practice in Arab culture is that it can cure many diseases. For example, cancer is a disease known from ancient times and is even mentioned by early Iranian physicians such as Avicenna, Rhazes among others. The under stood different kinds of cancer and differentiated between cancer tumors and normal tumors. For large tumors, such physicians recommended other methods of treatment. However, for small tumors and tumors that are far from internal body organs, such physicians recommended cauterization to be done after surgical operations. Besides, breast augmentation performed with cauterization is seen as faster way of recovery since it is associated with less bruising and bleeding. Most surgeons, today, use cauterization in many of their operations. Cauterization has been used from one decade to another and is proofed to reduce bleeding. When used in breast augmentation operation, it leads to quick recovery. Furthermore, cauterization can cure nose bleed. Many nosebleeds can be stopped through Cauterization which burns the blood vessel from which blood is coming from (Ben-Arye, Frenkel, Klein and Scharf, 401).Mainstream medicine is better than traditional cauterization. Due to mainstream medicine, the practice of cauterization has decreased. Many people have acquired knowledge and accepted western medicine. However, there are those who still have trust in cauterization since it is still used in the practice of mainstream medicine. Though its practice has changed due to technology and wide research, the purpose of cauterization, whether done traditionally or in modern medicine, remains the same (Parker and Mathews, 3). Though mainstream medicine has come up with other less painful methods of stopping bleeding and healing wounds, as well as therapy, cauterization is still accepted among many in the Arab culture especially those who are still ignorant of medical inventions and who have little knowledge about mainstream medicine. However, traditional form of cauterization has been replaced by modern cauterization. Mainstream medicine has taken over traditional healing practices. Today, there are improved anesthetics that reduce the pain during the process of cauterization. Besid es, despite the traditional cauterization that used metal rods and iron nails, mainstream medicine has introduced chemical cautery and electo-cautery which perform the same purpose as traditional cauterization (Parker and Mathews, 9). Mainstream medicine has also replaced tr...